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    • Page 95

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    • STRAIGHT IS THE GATE 96 is difficult for them to unite with one voice. Because traditionally studied co-cultures maintain close contact with the dominant group, it can be difficult to understand how the mainstream communication structure does not...
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    • 2 behind academically they lose a certain amount of self-confidence. This is especially crucial when dealing with math. The time restraints in a regular education classroom make it difficult for a teacher to address the varying problems of each...
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    • 16 Samples were quantified with the real-time PCR machine Roche Lightcycler 480 (Roche Applied Science, Mannhelm, Germany) using the AB Quantifiler Human DNA Quantification kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California). This step was performed...
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    • 17 concentrations of samples were then obtained and volumes were determined for use with PCR machine. 2.5 AMPLIFICATION Protocol used for PCR amplification was from all sections of the Promega PowerPlex 16 system technical manual (TM 012 Promega...
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    • Page 31

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    • 31 5 REFERENCES Applied Biosystems (2006). Quantifiler Human DNA Quantification Kit User’s Manual. Applied Biosystems Foster City, California. Chapters 1-6. Ayaly-Torres S , Chen Y, Svoboda T, Rosenblatt J and Van Houten B. Analysis of Gene...
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    • Page 32

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    • 32 Gunn, Alan. Essential Forensic Biology. Forensic DNA Typing. Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2006. pp39-53 Kanable, Rebecca. DNA from fingerprints. Retrieved July 2005 http://www.officer.com/publication/article Knowles A M. Aspects of physicochemical methods...
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    • iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Synthethic routes to methamphetamine ........................................................................... 7 Figure 2: TIC Chromatograph of methamphetamine extract with septum artifacts .......... 10 Figure 3:...
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    • 3 Illicit Methamphetamine and impurities Methamphetamine production in home laboratories using ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, the active ingredients in several over-the-counter drugs such as Claritin and Sudafed, lead to FDA restriction through the...
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    • 4 Table 2: Impurities found in amphetamine synthesized with the Leuckart reaction (Verweij, A.M., 1989). Name Source Formamide a Formic Acid a Phenylacetone a N-formylamphetamine b 4-Methyl-5-phenylpyrimidine c,d 4-Benzylpyrimidine c,d Dibenzyl...
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    • 6 Table 6: Impurities found in amphetamine synthesized with the Leuckart reaction (Verweij, A.M., 1989) Name Source Methylamine a Formic Acid a N-Methylformamide a Benzyl Methyl Ketone a Amphetamine c N,N-Dimethylamphetamine...
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    • 7 Many synthetic routes can manufacture methamphetamine as shown in Figure 1 (Inoue, 2008). Two common synthesis routes are from 1-phenyl-2-propanone or P2P, which yields racemic methamphetamine, followed by either the leuckart or reductive...
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    • iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................................
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    • 6 Ancient DNA & Molecular Methods Biological samples collected at crime scenes may be limited in sample size and degraded due to environmental conditions or age. Unlike standard forensic DNA tests, DNA identification of historical remains is more...
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    • 8 Another more recently developed method that identifies genomic differences employs qPCR and amplicon melting temperature variation. Many detection formats have been developed since the qPCR technique was first developed in 1996 (Real Time PCR,...
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    • 11 Table 1: Sample Identification. Surface trench depth and dry weight of samples before extraction. Sample Dry Weight (g) Depth (cm) Sample Dry Weight (g) Depth...
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    • 12 and reverse primer, 1X (5 μl) SYBR Green master mix and sterile distilled water to a final volume of 10μl (Roche, 2009). qPCR cycling conditions were 5 minutes at 95ºC followed by 45 cycles of 10 seconds at 95ºC, 10 seconds at 50ºC, and12...
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    • Page 67

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    • PREFERENCES FOR GROUP LEADERSHIP STYLE 68 Shearman, S., & Dumlao, R. (2008). A cross-cultural comparison of family communication patterns and conflict between young adults and parents. Journal of Family Communication, 8, 186-211. Swain, W. (2004)....
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    • 10 Students understand the tremendous energy released in nuclear reactions is a result of small amounts of matter being converted to energy. P3.p1 Conservation of Energy (prerequisite) When energy is transferred from one system to another, the...
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