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Display: 20

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    • vi List of Figures Figure 1: Language in the Home: Students....................................................................................42 Figure 2: Language in the Home:...
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    • vii Acknowledgments There are many wonderful people in my community who made this thesis possible. First, I would like to thank my third-grade students and their parents from the 2010-2011 school year who participated in this study. The trust and...
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    • 10 deprived of learning because of their social isolation and lack of interaction, which affected their overall cognitive functioning. As a result, Vygotsky set out to transform education in Russia by creating new pedagogical styles that would...
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    • 11 in their first language (L1); however, this is not always the case. Cooter (2006) describes the American Idol star, Fantasia Barrino, who recently wrote a memoir entitled Life Is Not a Fairy Tale (2005) that tells of her experiences as an...
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    • 12 say that educators “should understand that linguistic barriers, diverse social practices, and a multiplicity of assumptions, beliefs, and perceptions contribute to difficult discourse” (p. 353). Therefore, linking academic learning...
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    • 14 the school by using funds from the Effective Teaching and Learning Literacy Program (USDOE, 2010a). These government programs are examples of how educators and scholars are redefining literacy as the term expands into the experiences and lives...
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    • 16 reading achievement among children across most of the countries, and that higher economic levels of a country were related to richer home-literacy environments, whereas lower economic levels were associated with poorer home-literacy...
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    • 18 discovery that emerged from this qualitative study were the differences in the amounts of literacy activities that took place per hour. For example, even though these families were all from low- SES backgrounds, researchers categorized them into...
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    • 19 when they enter school compared to children from poor HLEs. However, those children from low-SES families and ethnic backgrounds had the most variability of literacy experiences in the home environment. “Relating these profiles to SES and...
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    • 20 one in which parents may still value literacy and their children’s education; however, they are less educated and engage in fewer literacy activities in the home. Students from literacy-oriented communities have proven to be more prepared for...
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    • 21 there is a possibility that someone else in the home is (Haneda, 2006). ELL out-of-school “literacy practices are typically bilingual or multilingual in nature” (Haneda, 2006, p. 339), as they are associated with religion and parental...
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    • 23 of the school, McLaughlin noticed that other Western-based institutions, such as the local Christian churches, provided religious reading material in Navajo and that Navajo literacy classes were established by members of the community. In terms...
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    • 27 that curriculum standards are taught and students are prepared for end-of-level tests, such as the CRTs. However, if educators recognize that another priority of teaching should be to learn about the HLEs, home communities, and the cultural...
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    • 31 Instrumentation Questionnaires, language arts scores from end-of-level CRTs, UALPA scores, free and reduced lunch data (Title I), and ethnographic case studies were used to examine the connections between home-literacy environments and literacy...
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    • 35 Table 2 Home Visit Comparison Chart High-Literate ELL Home Visits Low-Literate ELL Home Visits All families were nuclear. There were more single-parent families than nuclear families. At least one parent spoke both English and Spanish...
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    • 36 give it a pleasing color. Children in the neighborhood are laughing and playing and do not seem to mind using the road for a playground. Upon entering the home, Miguel shouts, “¡Mama, la maestra esta aquí! La maestra esta aquí!” In this...
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    • 38 boyfriend lives with the family in the home. Maria has two little sisters that she helps tend. Maria’s real dad lives in Texas and was very abusive to Maria’s mom in the past. Maria’s maternal grandma lives in St. George and Maria’s mom...
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    • 40 and a mix of English and Spanish to their parents. Alma’s mom recognizes the value of acquiring two languages and has learned English through her children. She has also learned English through her job and finds it an asset to speak English...
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    • 41 are working. The children speak Spanish to their parents, and both English and Spanish to each other. While the interview is conducted in Spanish with the mom, she mentioned that she is learning English from her children and likes to practice...
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    • 42 Figure 1. Language in the Home: Students Figure 2. Language in the Home: Parents five minutes a day = 2, 15 minutes a day = 3, 30 minutes a day = 4, and more than 45 minutes a day = 5. The results showed that high and low ELLs spend almost the...

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