3
on the notion that social interaction nurtures cognitive development. With a new perspective of
how learning takes place, Vygotsky felt social learning happens first before child development
occurs. As cited in the Learning Theories Knowledgebase...
6
Home-literacy environment (HLE): The literacy experiences in the home in which a
child participates and observes before formal reading and writing instruction. It also refers to the
continued literacy experiences a child is exposed to at...
7
assessment is to provide educators with a total proficiency score for use in their schools, districts,
and state, as mandated by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Students will be assessed in the
four language acquisition modalities of...
8
Chapter 2
Literature Review
When children enter school, they bring an array of experiences and background
knowledge to the classroom as they try to understand their new world of learning in the academic
world away from home. In terms of literacy,...
22
students’ investment in school learning appears to increase” (Haneda, 2006, p. 343). ELLs can
then feel safe to learn in this type of school environment as it allows them become active readers
and writers when exposed to new texts.
It is not...
25
considered more popular modes of receiving printed messages. If educators understand this
multimedia culture, and how students in the digital era interpret messages, they can use this
knowledge to build on students’ current interests and...
26
One of the co-authors of Treasures is Dr. Jana Echevarria, a professor of educational psychology
who specializes in bilingual education and is an expert in teaching ELLs. Echevarria (2005)
stated, “In order to tailor instruction appropriately,...
50
Chapter 5
Discussion
This chapter is outlined by first revisiting the problem and issues and why they are
important to this final discussion. Next, the similarities and differences between the results of
this study and that of others are...
51
for ELLs from low-SES backgrounds to succeed. There is a group of low-SES ELLs who have
managed to break through these barriers between home and school and have excelled
academically. The home visits conducted in this research have revealed the...
56
interventions for ELLs with low literacy scores is another way this research has been applied to
the learning environment of the classroom to increase literacy experiences. When children
interact with multi-literacies, there are high levels of...
62
Appendix A
Consent Letters in English and Spanish
January 2011
Dear Parents,
You and your child are being invited to take part in a research study about literacy. 26 students and parents
combined from Ms. Berglund’s and Mrs. Stansell’s class...
63
January 2011
Dear Parents,
You and your child are being invited to take part in a research study about literacy. 26 students and parents
combined from Ms. Berglund’s and Mrs. Stansell’s class will be participating. In addition, I am inviting...
2
behind academically they lose a certain amount of self-confidence. This is especially
crucial when dealing with math. The time restraints in a regular education classroom
make it difficult for a teacher to address the varying problems of each...
4
assesses a student’s basic math skill before leaving for summer break. Second, the fifth
grade teacher provided a recommendation that was used for student placement in the
sixth grade. Third, the 5th grade teacher provided a work ethic score....
5
Definition of terms
Academic Achievement: Students being able to perform independently at grade
level proficiency.
Basic Skills Test: The Basic Skills Test is an assessment measuring a student’s
understanding as it pertains to math fundamentals...
15
Not all children are receptive to the same type of instruction provided (Yang,
2006). Some students may thrive in a straightforward type of instruction. Others might
need a more holistic approach to learning. There are two major types of...
16
area”(Silvermann, 2002). In fact, rote recall of sequential math steps in order to answer
math problems leads to a shallow level of understanding (Rapp, 2009).
The visual spatial learner has the same probability of being successful...
17
may be unrelated to what is going on in the classroom, there is still a lot of pressure
placed on the positive results from these assessments.
The assumption that something is wrong with education is based on sparse
information about the...