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    • v List of Tables Table 1: Student Participant Selection Based on CRT and UALPA Scores.................................30 Table 2: Home Visit Comparison Chart...
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    • Chapter 1 Introduction The home-literacy environment (HLE) plays a vital role in language and literacy development for all children before they enter kindergarten and throughout the rest of their school years. Studies have shown that when children...
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    • 2 have been completely transformed and are irreversible. The ways in which ELLs from low SES backgrounds interact and associate with the digital era was also addressed. The results of this research will help educators yield a deeper appreciation...
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    • 3 on the notion that social interaction nurtures cognitive development. With a new perspective of how learning takes place, Vygotsky felt social learning happens first before child development occurs. As cited in the Learning Theories Knowledgebase...
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    • 7 assessment is to provide educators with a total proficiency score for use in their schools, districts, and state, as mandated by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Students will be assessed in the four language acquisition modalities of...
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    • 9 community and family settings are valued in the development of literacy among students who are not identified with the dominant culture. Factors such as language, culture, ethnicity, and socio-economic status explain patterns of student...
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    • 11 in their first language (L1); however, this is not always the case. Cooter (2006) describes the American Idol star, Fantasia Barrino, who recently wrote a memoir entitled Life Is Not a Fairy Tale (2005) that tells of her experiences as an...
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    • 12 say that educators “should understand that linguistic barriers, diverse social practices, and a multiplicity of assumptions, beliefs, and perceptions contribute to difficult discourse” (p. 353). Therefore, linking academic learning...
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    • 13 community to display children’s work, bringing children’s artifacts from home to display at school, and sharing photographs outside the classroom (Feiler et al., 2008). In conjunction with the U.S. Department of Education’s (USDOE)...
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    • 14 the school by using funds from the Effective Teaching and Learning Literacy Program (USDOE, 2010a). These government programs are examples of how educators and scholars are redefining literacy as the term expands into the experiences and lives...
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    • 15 students. Unfortunately, there is a connection between the number of students who qualify for Title I services and “children who are failing, or most at risk of failing, to meet state academic standards” (USDOE, 2010b). Schools that have at...
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    • 16 reading achievement among children across most of the countries, and that higher economic levels of a country were related to richer home-literacy environments, whereas lower economic levels were associated with poorer home-literacy...
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    • 17 of how Purcell-Gates (1995) provided reading intervention for Donny in exchange for documentation and careful examination of literacy development through the social and cultural perspectives of a family from the “white underclass, a minority...
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    • 18 discovery that emerged from this qualitative study were the differences in the amounts of literacy activities that took place per hour. For example, even though these families were all from low- SES backgrounds, researchers categorized them into...
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    • 19 when they enter school compared to children from poor HLEs. However, those children from low-SES families and ethnic backgrounds had the most variability of literacy experiences in the home environment. “Relating these profiles to SES and...
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    • 20 one in which parents may still value literacy and their children’s education; however, they are less educated and engage in fewer literacy activities in the home. Students from literacy-oriented communities have proven to be more prepared for...
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    • 21 there is a possibility that someone else in the home is (Haneda, 2006). ELL out-of-school “literacy practices are typically bilingual or multilingual in nature” (Haneda, 2006, p. 339), as they are associated with religion and parental...
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    • 25 considered more popular modes of receiving printed messages. If educators understand this multimedia culture, and how students in the digital era interpret messages, they can use this knowledge to build on students’ current interests and...
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    • 26 One of the co-authors of Treasures is Dr. Jana Echevarria, a professor of educational psychology who specializes in bilingual education and is an expert in teaching ELLs. Echevarria (2005) stated, “In order to tailor instruction appropriately,...
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    • 29 Chapter 3 Methodology The purpose of this research project was to investigate whether the connection between literacy achievement among English language learners (ELLs) from low socio-economic status (SES) families and their home-literacy...

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