5
reading, writing, and listening as outlined in the Utah Core Curriculum. These tests are an
integral component of U-PASS (Utah Performance Assessment System for Students) and the
federal No Child Left Behind legislation.
Digital literacies:...
6
Home-literacy environment (HLE): The literacy experiences in the home in which a
child participates and observes before formal reading and writing instruction. It also refers to the
continued literacy experiences a child is exposed to at...
7
assessment is to provide educators with a total proficiency score for use in their schools, districts,
and state, as mandated by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Students will be assessed in the
four language acquisition modalities of...
8
Chapter 2
Literature Review
When children enter school, they bring an array of experiences and background
knowledge to the classroom as they try to understand their new world of learning in the academic
world away from home. In terms of literacy,...
9
community and family settings are valued in the development of literacy among students who are
not identified with the dominant culture. Factors such as language, culture, ethnicity, and socio-economic
status explain patterns of student...
10
deprived of learning because of their social isolation and lack of interaction, which affected their
overall cognitive functioning. As a result, Vygotsky set out to transform education in Russia by
creating new pedagogical styles that would...
11
in their first language (L1); however, this is not always the case. Cooter (2006) describes the
American Idol star, Fantasia Barrino, who recently wrote a memoir entitled Life Is Not a Fairy
Tale (2005) that tells of her experiences as an...
12
say that educators “should understand that linguistic barriers, diverse social practices, and a
multiplicity of assumptions, beliefs, and perceptions contribute to difficult discourse” (p. 353).
Therefore, linking academic learning...
13
community to display children’s work, bringing children’s artifacts from home to display at
school, and sharing photographs outside the classroom (Feiler et al., 2008).
In conjunction with the U.S. Department of Education’s (USDOE)...
14
the school by using funds from the Effective Teaching and Learning Literacy Program (USDOE,
2010a).
These government programs are examples of how educators and scholars are redefining
literacy as the term expands into the experiences and lives...
15
students. Unfortunately, there is a connection between the number of students who qualify for
Title I services and “children who are failing, or most at risk of failing, to meet state academic
standards” (USDOE, 2010b). Schools that have at...
17
of how Purcell-Gates (1995) provided reading intervention for Donny in exchange for
documentation and careful examination of literacy development through the social and cultural
perspectives of a family from the “white underclass, a minority...
18
discovery that emerged from this qualitative study were the differences in the amounts of literacy
activities that took place per hour. For example, even though these families were all from low-
SES backgrounds, researchers categorized them into...
19
when they enter school compared to children from poor HLEs. However, those children from
low-SES families and ethnic backgrounds had the most variability of literacy experiences in the
home environment. “Relating these profiles to SES and...
20
one in which parents may still value literacy and their children’s education; however, they are
less educated and engage in fewer literacy activities in the home. Students from literacy-oriented
communities have proven to be more prepared for...
21
there is a possibility that someone else in the home is (Haneda, 2006). ELL out-of-school
“literacy practices are typically bilingual or multilingual in nature” (Haneda, 2006, p. 339), as
they are associated with religion and parental...
22
students’ investment in school learning appears to increase” (Haneda, 2006, p. 343). ELLs can
then feel safe to learn in this type of school environment as it allows them become active readers
and writers when exposed to new texts.
It is not...
23
of the school, McLaughlin noticed that other Western-based institutions, such as the local
Christian churches, provided religious reading material in Navajo and that Navajo literacy
classes were established by members of the community. In terms...
25
considered more popular modes of receiving printed messages. If educators understand this
multimedia culture, and how students in the digital era interpret messages, they can use this
knowledge to build on students’ current interests and...
26
One of the co-authors of Treasures is Dr. Jana Echevarria, a professor of educational psychology
who specializes in bilingual education and is an expert in teaching ELLs. Echevarria (2005)
stated, “In order to tailor instruction appropriately,...