25
considered more popular modes of receiving printed messages. If educators understand this
multimedia culture, and how students in the digital era interpret messages, they can use this
knowledge to build on students’ current interests and...
30
English language proficiency and literacy skills, and were based on a 5-point scale: pre-emergent
= 1, emergent = 2, intermediate = 3, advanced = 4, and fluent = 5.
Table 1
Student Participant Selection Based on CRT and UALPA Scores
CRT...
31
Instrumentation
Questionnaires, language arts scores from end-of-level CRTs, UALPA scores, free and
reduced lunch data (Title I), and ethnographic case studies were used to examine the connections
between home-literacy environments and literacy...
41
are working. The children speak Spanish to their parents, and both English and Spanish to each
other. While the interview is conducted in Spanish with the mom, she mentioned that she is
learning English from her children and likes to practice...
43
home. Both high and low ELLs received homework help from family members on a regular
basis, which included parents, cousins, aunts, and grandparents. These averages were based on a
5-point scale: never = 1, rarely = 2, sometimes = 3, most of the...
44
Table 4
Which Family Members Read to You?
Grandparent Brother Sister Aunt/Uncle Cousin Other
High ELL 25% 13% 25% 13% 13%
Low ELL 13% 13% 25% 38%
In Table 5, the percentages of literacy activities in the home from the parents’ perspective
are...
45
Quantitative Data: Language and Literacy in the School
All of the high ELLs preferred to speak only English with their peers at school. More
than half of low ELLs preferred to speak both English and Spanish (see Table 6). The majority of
low...
48
every day = 5. High ELLs used their computers to access digital literacies 23% more than low
ELLs. It is important to note that both groups of ELLs took advantage of digital literacies in the
HLE. More than half of both high and low ELLs who had...
49
Table 11
Access to Reading Materials
Library Store Family
Center Home Friend Mail Internet
High ELL 50% 33% 33% 33% 16% 33% 16%
Low ELL 33% 83% 16% 33% 0% 16% 50%
Table 12
How Do You Use a Computer?
Games Emails Writing Movies Music...
59
Learning Theories Knowledgebase. (2010). Social Development Theory (Vygotsky) at
Learning-Theories.com. Retrieved October 10th, 2010 from http://www.learning-theories.
com/vygotskys-social-learning-theory.html
Macmillan/McGraw-Hill. (2006)....
62
Appendix A
Consent Letters in English and Spanish
January 2011
Dear Parents,
You and your child are being invited to take part in a research study about literacy. 26 students and parents
combined from Ms. Berglund’s and Mrs. Stansell’s class...
63
January 2011
Dear Parents,
You and your child are being invited to take part in a research study about literacy. 26 students and parents
combined from Ms. Berglund’s and Mrs. Stansell’s class will be participating. In addition, I am inviting...
73
13. What types of reading
materials do you have in
the home? (Circle all that
apply)
Magazines Church
literature
Newspapers Books Other
(specify)
14. How many books
would you say you have
in your home?
10 or less 11-50 51-100 101-150 151-200...
77
22. ÂżCon que
frecuencia te
ayudan tus
padres con tus
tareas?
Siempre La mayorĂa
del tiempo
A veces Casi nunca Nunca
23. ÂżHay otros
familiares que te
ayudan con tus
tareas?
Si No
24. Si respondes
si, quien?
Abuelos Hermano Hermana TĂos Primos...
STRAIGHT IS THE GATE 5
Table of Contents
Abstract i
Acknowledgements ii
Chapter
1) Rationale 7
a) Background 10
2) Review of Literature 25
a) Polygamy 25
b) Power Differentiation 28
c) Co-cultural Theory 34
3) Method 39
a) Ethnography 39
b)...
STRAIGHT IS THE GATE 9
Public interest in polygamy has steadily increased in the past decade as television dramas such as HBO’s “Big Love,” talk shows like Oprah and Dr. Phil, TLC’s reality television show “Sister Wives” and news...
STRAIGHT IS THE GATE 25
Chapter 2: Review of Literature
In order to clearly organize the literature to be reviewed, I organized the literature into three categories, (a) polygamy, (b) power differentiation, and (c) co-cultural...
STRAIGHT IS THE GATE 26
In Europe and subsequently in North America, polygamy has been seen as a barbarous and immoral lifestyle “since the earliest of times” (Austen, 2011). Because the belief that polygamy breeds immorality and abuse is so...
STRAIGHT IS THE GATE 44
no wives. Most of these men expected to be asked by the community leaders to marry another wife sometime in the future. Contraceptives were discouraged because the Work preached that the main purpose of life on earth is to...
i
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
Chapter 2: Literature Review 7
The Successful and Unsuccessful Student 7
Hardships and Solutions of Math Homework 10
Effective Math Teachings 14
The Importance of Communication between Schools,...